In my previous post, we set up a C++ WinRT component project and a C# Metro style XAML app to use the component. The code was dinky Hello, world type stuff. Now, let’s do something a little more interesting.

In preparing for this demo, I found a C++ bitmap library on CodePlex that includes a plasma texture generation function. This sounded like a good demo for both language interop and using existing code. It builds on the code from my previous post, so either start there or clone from GitHub and checkout the part1 tag.

First step is to add the bitmap_image.hpp file from Arash Partow’s C++ Bitmap Library to the C++ component project. Download the latest commit from CodePlex as a zip and extract the bitmap_image.hpp file into your C++ component project directory. Switch over to VS, right click on the component project node, select Add -> Existing Item… and select the bitmap_image.hpp file.

Now that we have included the library code, we need to write the wrapper code to expose that library functionality to other languages via WinRT. We’ll start by adding the following namespace declarations to the top of the Class1.h header file:

using namespace Windows::Foundation;
using namespace Windows::Storage::Streams;

And then we’ll add the declaration for our GetPlasmaImageAsync method to Class1’s header file underneath the SayHello method. Note, in my original presentation I called this method GetPlasmaImage, neglecting to follow the naming convention of appending “Async” to name of all asynchronous methods.

IAsyncOperation<IRandomAccessStream^>^ GetPlasmaImageAsync(
    unsigned int width, unsigned int height);

We’re using two WinRT types in this method declaration.

• IRandomAccessStream represents a stream of binary data that supports random access. We’re going to return our plasma image as an IRandomAccessStream and then wrap it in a XAML bitmap image for use in our UI.
• IAsyncOperation<T> represents an asynchronous operation that returns a value. Generating the image takes a significant amount of time (especially given the shortcut I used as you’ll see in a bit) so we need to make it async. Async is a big topic and we’re just touching on it in this walkthrough. For more on async in WinRT, check out my teammate Jason Olson’s post on the Win8 app developer blog.

Now that we have the declaration, let’s switch over to the Class1.cpp file to add the method implementation. This isn’t a one line method like SayHello, so I decided to separate declaration from implementation as is traditional C++ best practice.

Before we do anything else, we need to #include the bitmap_image.hpp file. However, this bitmap library uses an unchecked destination STL copy function that Microsoft considers unsafe. I really should be updating the code to used checked iterators, but since this is demo code, we’re going to turn off the warning instead. We do that by #defining _SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS. While we’re doing that, let’s add the additional #includes and using namespace statements we’re going to need.

#include "pch.h"
#include "Class1.h"

#define _SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include "bitmap_image.hpp"
#include <string>
#include <ppltasks.h>

using namespace WindowsCampComponent;
using namespace std;
using namespace concurrency;
using namespace Windows::Storage;

In addition to the bitmap image library, we’re going to need the STL string library and the Parallel Patterns Library, so I’ve gone ahead and #included those header files and used those namespaces. We’re also going to use some types from the Windows::Storage namespace, so I’ve used that namespace as well.

The implementation of the GetPlasmaImageAsync method is going to happen in several steps:

1. Generate the plasma image using the C++ Bitmap library
2. Save the plasma image to a temporary file
3. Reopen the temporary file as an IRandomAcessStream with WinRT’s file system APIs

Saving and reopening the file is the shortcut I alluded to earlier. The image library includes a save_image method that uses STL streams to write the image out to a file. A better solution would be to factor the save_image method to support saving a bitmap to a stream and then implementing an STL -> WinRT stream adapter, but this is a simple demo so I’ll leave that as an exercise to the reader. (Please send me a pull request if you do this!)

First, we’re going to generate the file path we’ll be saving the image to. Turns out this somewhat difficult because WinRT uses wide character strings while the bitmap library expects ASCII STL strings.

//get the temp filename
auto tempFolder = ApplicationData::Current->TemporaryFolder;

wstring tempFolderPath(tempFolder->Path->Data());
string folderPath(begin(tempFolderPath), end(tempFolderPath));

auto filePath = folderPath.append("\\plasma.bmp");

I’m not proud of this code. It’s the kind of code you write when you’re rushing to get a demo for your talk done. But lets look at it anyway.

First, I get the path to the temporary folder via the current ApplicationData object. Then I converted it first to a stdwstring and then to a stdstring. I probably could have created the std::string directly from the tempFolder variable, but using the begin and end iterators of the wstring is a clever hack I read somewhere online. Finally, I append the file name to the folder path to get the final file path name.

Next, we generate and save the plasma image. This code is lifted almost verbatim from the bitmap_test.cpp file that comes with the C++ image library. The only difference is that we’re using the width and height arguments as parameters to the bitmap_image constructor rather than hardcoded values.

//create the image object
bitmap_image image(width, height);
image.clear();

double c1 = 0.9;
double c2 = 0.5;
double c3 = 0.3;
double c4 = 0.7;

::srand(0xA5AA5AA5);

//generate plasma image
plasma(image, 0, 0, image.width(), image.height(),
    c1, c2, c3, c4, 3.0, jet_colormap);

//Save the image to the file
image.save_image(filePath);

Finally, we open the image file from the temporary folder using WinRT APIs. File access APIs in WinRT are exclusively async, so I’m using PPL tasks to simplify the async code. Note, I’ve reworked this code from what I did in the video to make it easier to understand. I’ve also added explicit type declarations that I didn’t need to make it clear what each type is. If I replaced those all with the new auto keyword from C++11, the code would work the same.

//reopen the image file using WinRT
IAsyncOperation<StorageFile^>^ getFileAsyncOp =
    tempFolder->GetFileAsync(ref new String(L"plasma.bmp"));

task<StorageFile^> getFileTask(getFileAsyncOp);

task<IRandomAccessStream^> openFileTask =
    getFileTask.then([](StorageFile^ storageFile) {
       return storageFile->OpenAsync(FileAccessMode::Read);
    });

return create_async(
    [openFileTask]() { return openFileTask; });

First, we call GetFileAsync to get the file from the temp folder which returns an IAsyncOperation<StorageFolder^> object. We then convert the IAsyncOperation to a PPL task via the task constructor. Note, these two steps could be easily combined into a single step if you not being extra verbose for education purposes.

Once we have a PPL task to get the file, we specify the operation to do when the task completes by passing a lambda to the task’s then method. In this case, we’re going to open the file after we get it. The then method is nice because we can chain together as many async operations as we want in a nearly-synchronous coding style.

Finally, once we have built up the PPL task that represents the entire asynchronous operation, we use the create_async method to convert the PPL task back to an IAsyncOperation which we return from the function.

Now that we have written the component side, lets update the client side. Async operations are very succinct in CLR because of the new await keywords. Much nicer than the .then model used by PPL (which is probably why Herb Sutter wants to see await added to C++).

private async void Button_Click_1(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
    var wcc = new WindowsCampComponent.Class1();
    myText.Text = wcc.SayHello("Herb Sutter");

    var stm = await wcc.GetPlasmaImageAsync(800, 600);

    var bitmap = new BitmapImage();
    bitmap.SetSource(stm);
    myImage.Source = bitmap;
}

And it works!

And that’s the entire demo. About 20 lines of code to wrap a pre-existing library function and make it available to other languages via the Windows Runtime. I showed calling my WinRT component from C# here, but I could have called it from JavaScript just as easily.

Several weeks ago, I did a talk on building Windows Runtime components in C++. As part of that talk, I did a demo that showed accessing a WinRT component written in C++ from a C# XAML application. Like I did for my //build talk, I’ve written this walkthrough so you can follow along at home without having to read code off the recorded video stream. I’ve also published the source up on GitHub.

The demo had two parts – the first was a “Hello, world!” style demo, the second demonstrated wrapping an existing C++ library in a WinRT component to make it callable from other languages. This post covers the first part of the demo. I’ll post a walkthrough of the second part of the demo soon.

In order to follow along, you’ll need the Windows 8 Release Preview as well as Visual Studio 2012 Express RC for Windows 8. You should be able to use the RC version of VS 2012 Pro, Premium or Ultimate, but I’ve only tested with Express. Note, the original presentation was done on Win8 Consumer Preview / VS 11 Beta, but I figured it made more sense to write up the walkthrough on the latest bits.

We’re going to start by creating the C# XAML app we’ll use as the component client. Fire up VS 2012 RC and select new project. Select Visual C# -> Windows Metro Style -> Blank App (XAML), name the project “WindowsCamp” and press OK. Once the project has been created, open up the MainPage.xaml file, replace the Grid element that’s there by default with the following XAML code:

<StackPanel Background="{StaticResource ApplicationPageBackgroundThemeBrush}">
    <Button Click="Button_Click_1">Click me</Button>
    <TextBlock x:Name="myText" FontSize="20"></TextBlock>
    <Image x:Name="myImage"></Image>
</StackPanel>

As you can see, my UX skills have not improved since //build.

Now, we need to add a project for the C++ WinRT component. Right click on solution in the Solution Explorer and select Add -> New Project. In the New Project dialog, Select Visual C++ -> Windows Metro Style -> Windows Runtime Component, name the project “WindowsCampComponent” and press OK.

Once the component project has been created, we’re going to add some code to it. Open Class1.h if it’s not already open. Update the file to read as follows:

#pragma once

using namespace Platform;

namespace WindowsCampComponent
{
    public ref class Class1 sealed
    {
    public:
        Class1();

        String^ SayHello(String^ name) {
            return String::Concat(
                ref new String(L"Hello there "),
                name);
        };
    };
}

The code is a bit more complex than your typical Hello, world. The SayHello method takes a string parameter that represents someone’s name. The method concatenates the provided name with a hard coded greeting string and returns the resulting string. Doesn’t get much simpler. However, even though it’s just a single line of code there are several concepts that are important to point out:

• ref class – WinRT objects are projected in C++/CX as ref classes and vise-versa. Since we’re building a WinRT component to consume from C#, we define it as a ref class. Note, unless you’re writing a XAML control, all WinRT classes must be sealed.
• Hats – The ‘^’ character after the String type declarations is the handle-to-object modifier. It’s basically the pointer-to-object modifier (aka ‘*’) but for ref classes. We’ll see in the second part of the demo that you invoke members on a ref class using the same ‘->’ syntax that you use in vanilla C++.
• ref new – You create instances of ref clases using “ref new” instead of “new” as you do in vanilla C++. Ref new returns a handle to the newly created ref class – a String^ in this case.
• PlatformString – C++/CX projects some non-class WinRT types as ref classes in the Platform namespace. In this case, C++/CX projects the new language interoperable string type HSTRING as a PlatformString ref class. HSTRINGS are UTF-16, so PlatformString provides a constructor that takes a wide string literal. We imported the Platform namespace via the “using namespace” directive so we wouldn’t have to type “Platform” multiple times.

For more information about the design of the C++/CX language, check out Jim Springfield’s post on the Visual C++ team blog.

Now that we’ve written our WinRT component, we’ll write the code to consume it in C#. First, we need to add a reference to the C++ WinRT component project in our C# Metro style XAML app. WinRT references are added just like traditional CLR references – via the Add Reference dialog. Right click on the WindowsCamp node of the Solution explorer, select “Add Reference…” from the menu, click the check box next to the WindowsCampComponent project from the solution and press OK.

Go back to MainPage.xaml and double click on the button labeled “Click Me” in the designer. This will add a click event handler named Button_Click_1 and take you to MainPage.xaml.cs so you can write the code for it. Type in “var wcc = new Windows” and look at the resulting intellisense list. Notice that WindowsCampComponent is missing.

This is because the C++ component hasn’t been compiled yet. We need compile the C++ component project in order to generate the Windows metadata file (aka the file with the .winmd extension) that is used to drive intellisense. Delete the line of code you just added and compile the solution. Now type that line of code again, and you’ll notice that the WindowsCampComponent namespace is available.

Now, update the button click event handler to read as follows:

private void Button_Click_1(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
    var wcc = new WindowsCampComponent.Class1();
    myText.Text = wcc.SayHello("Herb Sutter");
}

Now, run the app, click the “Click Me” button and marvel at the wonder of WinRT language interop to print a greeting to Herb Sutter. I used Herb Sutter from the C++ team since he was the keynote speaker at the Windows Camp event and was standing in the back of the room when I did the demo.

And that’s it for the Hello, world demo. Kind of a lot of steps for essentially 3 lines of code – 1 line of component code and 2 lines of client code. However, we did get the infrastructure set up so we add more substantial code in the next post.

I just realized that while I posted the demo steps from my //build talk, I never posted the talk itself here on DevHawk. Consider that oversight rectified with this post.

(Note, the static image below appears cut-off, but the video should scale to the width of my blog automatically. If not, head on over to the official page for the talk over on Channel 9)

Yesterday at//build, Jesse Kaplan and I delivered the Using Windows Runtime from C# and Visual Basic talk. In the talk, I demonstrated how natural and familiar it is to use WinRT from C# by building a simple Metro style app. This app  takes a picture with a webcam and implements the share charm contract in less than 15 lines of C# code.

Instead of making you try and read code off the recorded video stream that should be published soon, I’ve written this walkthru to explain exactly what I did in that demo. In addition, I’ve started from scratch (i.e. File->New Project) so that you can follow along at home if you wish.

First, you need to install the Windows Developer Preview. I recommend the x64 version with tools. Scott Hanselman has a great write up on using boot to VHD to run the preview. (though I do disagree w/ his assessment of dual boot. I’ve been dual booting Win7 and Win8 on my laptop for months and it’s never ended in tears or blood). Also, you’re going to need a webcam in order to run the app yourself.

Once the Windows Developer Preview is up and running, run the Socialite app and login with your Facebook credentials. We’re going to use Socialite to share the picture we take with the webcam. Giving it your credentials up front makes the demo run smoother!

Next, fire up VS11 (aka Microsoft Visual Studio 11 Express for Windows Developer Preview). Create a new project and select the Visual C# -> Windows Metro Style -> Application template.

Once the new project has been created, you should be looking at the MainPage.xaml file. Update the Grid element to contain a button and an image.

<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="#FF0C0C0C">
    <Button x:Name="ClickMe" Click="ClickMe_Click">Click Me</Button>
    <Image x:Name="Photo" Width="800" Height="600"
           HorizontalAlignment="Center" VerticalAlignment="Center"/>
</Grid>

Next, hover over the Click=”ClickMe_Click” attribute of the button, right click and select “Navigate to Event Handler”. VS11 will take you to MainPage.xaml.cs and automatically generate a skeleton event handler for you.

In my //build session, I demonstrated that VS11 can automatically resolve WinRT namespaces the same way that it resolves managed namespaces. But for the purposes of this blog post, it’s easier if you just add the additional using statements we’re going to need at the top of MainPage.xaml.cs now.

using Windows.Media.Capture;
using Windows.Storage;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Media.Imaging;
using Windows.ApplicationModel.DataTransfer;
using Windows.Storage.Streams;

Now, we add the code for ClickMe_Click:

private async void ClickMe_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
    var ui = new CameraCaptureUI();
    ui.PhotoSettings.CroppedAspectRatio = new Size(4, 3);

    var file = await ui.CaptureFileAsync(CameraCaptureUIMode.Photo);

    if (file != null)
    {
        var stream = await file.OpenAsync(FileAccessMode.Read);

        var bitmap = new BitmapImage();
        bitmap.SetSource(stream);
        Photo.Source = bitmap;
    }
}

A few things to note about this code:

• Even though it’s using native WinRT libraries, the C# feels natural and familiar – as if you were calling into traditional managed libraries. We’re newing up classes, we’re passing in constructor parameters, we’re using primitive numbers and enums, we’re assigning properties, etc. That is very much by design.
• We’re using a couple of async WinRT methods (CaptureFileAsync and OpenAsync). C# 5.0′s new await keyword to make it extremely easy to write linear looking code that doesn’t block on async operations.
• No P/Invoke or COM Interop attributes anywhere to be seen!

Finally, before we can run this code we need to declare our intent to use the webcam. Double click on the Package.appxmanifest file, click on the “Capabilites” tab, and then check the Webcam checkbox.

With the capability declared, now we can run the app. Hit F5 and VS11 will compile and deploy the Metro style app you just built. Click the button, acknowledge that you want to let the program use the webcam, take a pic, crop it, and there it is in your UI!

For the second part of the demo, I added share contract support. Here’s how to do that.

First, we need to pull the stream variable into class instance scope so that we can access it in the share contract event handler. We do that by adding a private IRandomAccessStream variable named stream and removing the var declarations from the line where we call OpenAsync. The updated click event handler looks like this:

//here's the instance scope stream variable
IRandomAccessStream stream;

private async void ClickMe_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
    var ui = new CameraCaptureUI();
    ui.PhotoSettings.CroppedAspectRatio = new Size(4, 3);

    var file = await ui.CaptureFileAsync(CameraCaptureUIMode.Photo);

    if (file != null)
    {
        //the only change from the code above was to remove
        //the var declaration from the following line
        stream = await file.OpenAsync(FileAccessMode.Read);

        var bitmap = new BitmapImage();
        bitmap.SetSource(stream);
        Photo.Source = bitmap;
    }
}

Next, we need to wire up the share event handler in the XAML page’s constructor. That’s a single line of code and VS11 intellisense writes most of  it for you

public MainPage()
{
    InitializeComponent();
    DataTransferManager.GetForCurrentView().DataRequested +=
        new TypedEventHandler<DataTransferManager, DataRequestedEventArgs>(MainPage_DataRequested);
}

If you’ve ever wired up an event handler in C# before with VS, you’ll be familiar with the “Press TAB to insert” the correct event handler type followed by “TAB to generate handler”. Even though hthis is a WinRT event, VS11 helps you wire it up just the same as it does for managed events.

Now we implement the share contract event handler. That’s just a simple if statement – calling args.Request.Data.SetBitmap if the user has taken a picture and calling args.Request.FailWithDisplayText with an error message if they have not.

private void MainPage_DataRequested(DataTransferManager sender,
    DataRequestedEventArgs args)
{
    if (stream == null)
        args.Request.FailWithDisplayText("No picture taken!");
    else
        args.Request.Data.SetBitmap(stream);
}

This part of the demo shows off static methods and event handlers. Again, note how natural and familiar it feels to use WinRT from C#.

And we’re done, so hit F5 to build, deploy and run the app again.

I didn’t remember to do this in the //build talk, but first try selecting the share contract before taking a picture. Windows will display the “No picture taken” text in share contract window since the user taken a picture to share yet. That’s pretty boring so dismiss the share contract and take a picture like you did before. Then select the share contract, select Socalite, write a pithy message and press “Share in Facebook”.

That’s the entire demo! Taking a picture with the webcam, uploading to facebook, calling native WinRT APIs from C# in a natural and familiar way and all in just under 15 lines of code!

With our talk and demos, Jesse and I wanted to communicate just how important C# and VB are in the overall developer story for Windows 8. This demo shows off the hard work our two teams have done in order to make sure the managed developer’s experience with Windows 8 was the best that it could be. As I said in the talk – if you’re a managed developer, you already know how to build these Metro style apps.

I know I said it before, but I really can’t wait to see what you guys build with Windows 8!

After nearly 2 years of not being able to tell anyone what I was working on – or even the name of the team I was on! – //build is finally here and the Windows 8 developer preview is finally out there in the open for everyone to start building applications for. You have NO idea how hard it’s been for me to keep my mouth shut and blog quiet about this!

I am a program manager on the Runtime Experience team, one of many teams in the Windows division building Windows 8. Our team is responsible for building the underlying infrastructure that powers the Windows Runtime (or WinRT for short). In particular, I work on the WinRT metadata infrastructure. I also work closely with our partners in Developer Division that use the metadata to project WinRT APIs into multiple languages.

In a nutshell, WinRT is the new API surface area for Metro style apps in Windows 8. WinRT APIs are available across multiple languages – C#, Visual Basic, C++ and JavaScript – enabling developers to build Metro style apps using the language and frameworks they are most familiar with. Much, much more info is available on the new Windows Dev Center.

In addition to the developer preview docs for WinRT, there are several sessions at //build focusing on WinRT – what it is, how it works under the covers, and how you use it from the various languages. Here’s a handy list of all the //build sessions you should check out if you want to know more about WinRT:

• Lap Around Windows Runtime
  Martyn Lovell – the dev manager for the Runtime Experience team – provides a overview of the Windows Runtime.
• Using the Windows Runtime from C# and Visual Basic
  Jesse Kaplan from the CLR team and I cover how you can build managed Metro style apps and how you use WinRT from C# and VB. Obviously, I highly recommend this session because…Well, it’s my session isn’t it? What am I gonna say? Don’t watch my talk?
• Using the Windows Runtime from JavaScript
  Luke Hoban from the JavaScript team talks about how WinRT is used when building the new Metro style apps in HTML5 and JavaScript.
• Using the Windows Runtime from C++
  Herb Sutter from the C++ team as well as the C++ standards committee talks about how WinRT is used for C++ developers building native Metro style apps.
• Async Everywhere: creating responsive APIs and apps
  Ben Kuhn, a developer on the Runtime Experience team, dives deep on how async is exposed and implemented in WinRT
• Windows Runtime Internals: understanding “Hello World”
  Matt Merry, a teammate on the Runtime Experience PM team, goes under the hood and shows you how the internals of WinRT work.
• Being Pragmatic by leveraging existing code in Metro style apps
  Jason Olson, a teammate on the Runtime Experience PM team and my next door office neighbor, talks about how you bring your existing code into the new world of Metro style apps. In particular, he’s got a wicked cool demo.
• Windows Interns: our summer of apps
  John Lam, my immediate boss, is MCing this session with some of the Windows Interns who built the first Windows 8 Metro style apps over the summer.

As I write this, not all the sessions have been delivered and none of them are available online yet. But they should all be online within a couple of days. Also, you can also get more information as well as ask questions over at the Windows Dev Center Forums. Our dev manager has already been very busy answering questions!

I am so excited that you can finally see what we’ve been working on and I can wait to see what you build with Windows 8!